CHRYSANTHEMUM ( GULDAUDI ) FLOWER

Scientific classification

Kingdom:Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): .Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Asterales

Family: Asteraceae

Tribe:  Anthemideae

Genus:  ChrysanthemumType species

Chrysanthemum indicum L.The name "chrysanthemum" is derived from the Greek words chrysos (gold) and anthemon (flower).

 wild Chrysanthemum taxa are herbaceous perennial plants or subshrubs. They have alternately arranged leaves divided into leaflets with toothed or occasionally smooth edges.The simple row of ray florets are     white, yellow or red; many horticultural specimens have been bred to bear many rows of ray florets in a grvariety of colors. The disc florets of wild taxa are yellow.     

Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC. Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by the year 1630. The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen in Chinese and East Asian art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival. The flower may have been brought to Japan in the eighth century AD[citation needed], and the Emperor adopted the flower as his official seal. The "Festival of Happiness" in Japan celebrates the flower.

Chrysanthemums entered American horticulture in 1798 when Colonel John Stevens imported a cultivated variety known as 'Dark Purple' from England. The introduction was part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.

Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea.

Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinese cuisine.Small chrysanthemums are used in Japan as a sashimi garnish.

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses they have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides.

Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.

In some countries of Europe (e.g., France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Croatia), incurve chrysanthemums are symbolic of death and are used only for funerals or on graves, while other types carry no such symbolism; similarly, in China, Japan and Korea, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation and/or grief. In some other countries, they represent honesty.In the United States, the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful,with New Orleans as a notable exception.

    In Australia,the chrysanthemum is sometimes given to mothers for Mother's Day, which falls in May in the southern hemisphere's autumn. Men may sometimes also         wear it in their lapels to honour mothers, although the flower is naturally in season during the southern hemisphere's spring and early summer.

    The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen"of China (the others being the plum blossom, the orchid, and bamboo). The chrysanthemum is said to have been         favored by Tao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.

    A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China.

    Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC. An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".

    The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.

    Germany-Industrial musicians Einstürzende Neubauten base their song "Blume" around the flower.

    Japan-The Chrysanthemum Throne is the name given to the position of Japanese emperor.

   United States-The chrysanthemum was recognized as the official flower of the city of Chicago by Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1966.The chrysanthemums is the official       flower of the city of Salinas, California.The yellow chrysanthemum is the official flower of the sorority Sigma Alpha and the pharmacy fraternity Lambda Kappa     Sigma.The white chrysanthemum is the official flower of Triangle Fraternity.

    Others-The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of fireworks shells that produce a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum  flower.The chrysanthemum is also the flower of    November